Sources for further reading
The coast does not stay.
National Park Service · Coastal Processes—Erosion ↗
Explains wave action, quarrying and abrasion, and the importance of material and coastal geometry. Includes overwash at Cape Lookout National Seashore. The illustration documents a process, not a dated shoreline time series.
National Park Service · Coastal Processes—Waves ↗
Institutional introduction to waves as carriers of energy at coasts. Supports the connection between waves and coastal processes, without providing a site-specific prediction for the illustrated beach.
National Park Service · Coastal Processes—Sediment Transport and Deposition ↗
Describes sediment sources and movement across and along the coast. Deposition and erosion can occur in different parts of one system. All three sources are from NPS, rather than independent monitoring programmes.
When a tree becomes a beginning.
National Park Service · Empire Bluff Trail, stop 5 ↗
Site interpretation at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, page updated 25 September 2025. Describes decomposition, nutrient release and nurse logs; not a measured time series of one trunk.
National Park Service · Olympic: Temperate Rain Forests ↗
Updated 11 April 2025. Describes seedlings on decaying trunks and later rows of rooted trees in temperate rain forest. Site conditions are not generalised to every forest; same provider as source 1.
Seibold et al. (2021) · The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition ↗
Original abstract inspected: field experiment across 55 forest sites on six continents, examining climate and insect contributions to decomposition. Full text requires access. No raw-data analysis or transfer of a global rate to the illustrated log.
Time has a surface.
Royal Society of Chemistry · What causes iron to rust? ↗
Public introduction to a classroom investigation comparing iron nails under wet, dry, air-free and salty conditions. Full teaching content requires registration; no access to it and no reproduction of its procedures or results.
OpenStax Chemistry 2e · 17.6 Corrosion ↗
Open university textbook from OpenStax/Rice University. Explains electrochemical iron corrosion involving water and oxygen, hydrated corrosion products and the limitations of rust as protection. No calculation for a particular component.
Canadian Conservation Institute · Recognizing Active Corrosion, CCI Notes 9/1 ↗
Government conservation guidance, revised 2007; webpage modified 22 February 2019. Iron section distinguishes compact stable surfaces from active corrosion, loose products and other signs of change. Not a method for diagnosing an object from a picture.
A river keeps drawing.
NASA · Sharp Bends Make Rivers Meander, As Landsat Attests ↗
A 6 February 2019 report on University of Texas at Austin research: hundreds of bends on seven Amazonian rivers over roughly three decades; Ucayali imagery spans 1985–2013. Supports the link between curvature and downstream-displaced maximum migration, not a universal forecast for engineered or geologically constrained rivers.
USGS · Rivers, Streams, and Creeks ↗
Explains catchments, surface runoff, groundwater inputs and human interventions. Used for these general relationships, without treating historical examples as present-day flow conditions.
National Park Service · Weathering and Erosion ↗
Describes channel adjustments in relation to slope, discharge and sediment, together with erosion and deposition. Simplified river age labels are not adopted as a universal development law.
The rock is not finished.
National Park Service · Weathering ↗
Institutional explanation of mechanical and chemical weathering in place, including ice growth and dissolution. It supplies concepts and mechanisms, not a date for our illustrated granite or a universal weathering rate.
National Park Service · Weathering and Erosion ↗
A Scotts Bluff National Monument account published in 2021, distinguishing breakdown from transport and showing a historical pipe marker installed in 1933. Its caption describes a local 75-year comparison, not a measurement series extended to 2026.
The city beneath the memory.
NASA Earth Observatory · 25 Years of Growth in Las Vegas ↗
Historical comparison published 1 March 2009: six Landsat 5 views from 1984 to 2009. The account identifies approximately 30-metre resolution and cautions about seasons and shadows. Supports large-scale physical change, not individual households, social outcomes or present-day urban conditions.
ESA · Mapping our human footprint from space ↗
Account dated 11 November 2021. World Settlement Footprint Evolution reconstructs annual settlement extent for 1985–2015 from about seven million Landsat images. The separate WSF 2019 product uses Sentinel data. Built extent does not directly measure quality of life, population or local histories of use.
When camouflage changes background.
Public original full text read, including methods and results. Field experiment near Cambridge in 2002–2007 with 4,864 released moths, published in 2012. Directly observed predation is distinguished from inferred explanations for disappearance. Site-specific experiment, not a universal effect size.
Original abstract read; full text requires access. Identifies an insertion of a transposable element in cortex for the British carbonaria form. No independent genomic analysis or universal explanation of every dark moth form.
UC Berkeley Understanding Evolution · Natural Selection ↗
University teaching source reviewed June 2020. Explains variation, heredity and differential reproduction; conceptual support for the historical case, not another peppered-moth study.
When a habitat shifts its boundaries.
Institutional introduction updated 16 April 2026: water conditions shape soils and communities, and seasonal dry periods can occur. Used for ecological relationships, not legal delineation or a present-day assessment of Iraqi marshes.
NASA Earth Observatory · World of Change: Mesopotamia Marshes ↗
Historical MODIS sequence for 2000–2010. Explains drainage, reflooding after 2003, potentially misleading colour differences and later drought. Returning water or vegetation is not equated with complete ecological restoration. The sequence does not describe conditions in 2026.
Adaptation is not a decision.
Original Science study checked here through its public PubMed abstract. Connects a genomic region containing HMGA2 with beak size and selection in medium ground finches during a drought. The full text and raw data were not analysed separately; no measurement series is reconstructed from the abstract.
UC Berkeley Understanding Evolution · The mysteries of Tibet ↗
University explanation distinguishing acclimatisation as phenotypic plasticity from heritable evolutionary adaptation. Used here for that conceptual distinction.
UC Berkeley Understanding Evolution · Natural Selection ↗
Teaching resource reviewed and updated June 2020: variation, differential reproduction and heredity. Basis for our original diagram; its bird counts are invented examples, not data from this source. Same provider as source 2.
Grant & Grant (2006) · Evolution of character displacement in Darwin’s finches ↗
Original Science study checked through its PubMed abstract. Describes beak-size change in Geospiza fortis in the context of food competition with G. magnirostris, long-term observation and high heritability of beak size. Part of the research context of the later genetic study, not an independent replication.
A word finds another home.
DWDS · Maus: Bedeutungen und Etymologie ↗
Dictionary entry marked 2024, including Pfeifer’s etymology dating the Old High German form to the eighth century and a technical usage example from Die Zeit, 19 October 1990. We use that example as evidence of wording, not as a reliable account of the device’s invention. It does not establish the first German technical use.
DWDS · Computermaus: Wortbildung und Textbelege ↗
Dictionary entry marked 2020; identifies Computer and Maus as the components of Computermaus. Includes an example from Die Zeit dated 25 December 1992. Newspaper examples are documented through the dictionary; the original newspaper editions were not checked separately. Same dictionary provider as source 1.
SRI · The computer mouse and interactive computing ↗
Historical account by the research institution involved: Bill English built the first prototype in 1964; Douglas Engelbart publicly demonstrated the system on 9 December 1968. Evidence for the device’s history, not for the first German use of the word.
SRI · 75 Years of Innovation: The Computer Mouse ↗
Anniversary article relaying a retrospective explanation attributed to Engelbart: resemblance to a mouse with a tail. Not a contemporary naming record or proof of a precise coinage date. Same institution as source 3.
The path becomes familiar.
Lally et al. · How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world ↗
Original study, first published online in 2009, journal volume dated 2010. The publicly visible abstract was inspected, not the full text. Ninety-six volunteers selected a behaviour; repetition and self-reported automaticity were studied over twelve weeks. Modelling was possible for subsets. Reported times depend on the model and are not deadlines for every person or behaviour.
UCL · Busting the 21 days habit formation myth ↗
UCL research explanation dated 29 June 2012. Discusses repetition in context and challenges a universal 21-day rule. From the same research environment, not an independent replication. It provides neither individual treatment advice nor evidence that every frequently repeated action is a habit.
Work changes place.
Destatis · Anteil leicht gestiegen: 25 % der Erwerbstätigen arbeiteten 2025 im Homeoffice ↗
Release N024 dated 22 April 2026, reporting initial 2025 microcensus results. The rounded 25 percent concerns employed people in Germany working at home at least once during the preceding four weeks. The 24 and 46 percent figures concern only home-working users. Industry percentages concern employed people within each industry. Not a measure of all working hours or findings about working arrangements in 2026.
Destatis · Der Mikrozensus seit 2020 ↗
Institutional methodological overview of Germany’s annual household survey covering roughly one percent of the population and running since 1957. Describes the redesign from 2020 and links quality reports. Not an independent second measurement of home-working shares, nor proof that every annual figure is fully comparable.
What feels self-evident.
NatCen · Britain’s attitudes towards moral issues have become much more liberal ↗
Release dated 21 September 2023 on British Social Attitudes 40, with survey data through 2022. Acceptance of living together without intending to marry is reported at 64 percent in 1994 and 81 percent in 2022. It attributes much of the shift to generational change; other attitudes do not all follow the same course. We infer neither new 2026 values nor causes for individual respondents.
NatCen · British Social Attitudes ↗
Institutional description of the annual survey series running since 1983, using representative population samples in Britain. The project page establishes purpose and scope, but does not replace year-specific methodological reports. We do not claim that identical individuals were followed repeatedly over decades.
Green is not simply old.
Copper Development Association · Green Patina Finishes ↗
Industry technical information: natural copper patina commonly contains basic copper sulfates, with carbonate and chloride compounds depending on the environment. Climate affects development. Used for these principles; the page’s artificial-patination recipes are not reproduced.
Canadian Conservation Institute · Recognizing Active Corrosion, CCI Notes 9/1 ↗
Conservation guidance revised 2007: coherent, adherent patina may be stable; loose, powdery, newly forming products may indicate active corrosion. Copper and copper alloys are addressed specifically. Does not diagnose the condition shown in our artistic image.
National Park Service · Statue of Liberty: Frequently Asked Questions ↗
Institutional account of the Statue of Liberty: copper skin, initially brown in 1886, natural green patina developing over roughly three decades. An object-specific account, not a universal timetable for copper surfaces.
A break begins earlier.
Lankford & Leverant (1985) · Experimental characterization of fatigue crack tip processes ↗
NASA archive record of a Journal of Metals article; public abstract read. Describes methods including cyclic loading inside a scanning electron microscope and experimental assessment of models. The record has no downloadable paper; no full text or dataset analysed.
University of Cambridge, DoITPoMS · Sub-critical crack growth and R-curves ↗
Teaching page on stable crack growth, process zones and changing crack resistance in particular materials. R-curves are not general fatigue-life curves. Used for this limited fracture-mechanics distinction.
University of Cambridge, DoITPoMS · Inglis and the crack tip stress idea ↗
Teaching source on stress concentration at an idealised elliptical flaw and limits of that explanation. Used for the principle of local stress elevation, not a calculation for a real component. Same provider as source 2.
The seam goes on.
Publication page for the 68-page report Texte 15/2019, February 2019, by Kilian Bizer, Kaja Fredriksen, Till Proeger and Franziska Schade. The institutional summary was inspected, not the complete PDF report. It discusses extending use through repair, economic conditions and cooperation between trades and repair initiatives. We derive neither unchecked detailed statistics nor universal savings estimates from it.
Umweltbundesamt · Nachhaltige Bekleidung – Mehr Fokus auf eine lange Nutzung ↗
Institutional research discussion dated 11 November 2022. Distinguishes durability, duration of use and intensity of use, emphasising long use and reduced new consumption. Reports no uniform definition of durability and no unequivocal evidence of a general durability decline. The webpage was inspected, not the underlying complete study separately. No current legal claims are derived from this historical discussion.
When a number went round.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History · Western Electric “Princess” Phone ↗
Collection record nmah_1694826, object 2015.0136.01, last read for content in the integrated browser on 23 October 2026. A 24 October revisit reached a verification page, which was not bypassed. Documents model 702B, September 1969 manufacture, the Princess line introduced in 1959, Henry Dreyfuss, dial lighting, target marketing and Bell’s leasing model. One specific US record, not a history of every telephone network.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History · Ideal “The Telephone Game” teacher’s game ↗
Collection record nmah_1213645, object 2003.0030.20: Ideal School Supply, 1976, a teaching game for grades 2–5 addressing telephone use and etiquette, featuring rotary and push-button telephones. Content inspected in the integrated browser on 23 October 2026; a 24 October revisit was limited by a verification page. Documents the teaching material, not its adoption rate or measured learning outcomes. Same institution as source 1.
Beneath our feet, the work goes on.
OpenStax · Biology 2e: Ecology of Fungi ↗
Textbook chapter on decomposition, mycorrhizae and lichens. Used for basic material relationships, not to claim that a forest network acts intentionally.
USDA NRCS · Soil Biology Primer ↗
Institutional introduction: soil organisms affect structure, water availability, decomposition and nutrient cycling. Not a measurement series of our illustrated soil.
Evolution does not happen alone.
OpenStax · Biology 2e: Ecology of Fungi ↗
Textbook chapter on decomposition, mycorrhizae and lichens. Used for basic material relationships, not to claim that a forest network acts intentionally.
U.S. Forest Service · Lichen Biology ↗
Describes fungal and algal components, layers and attachment of lichens. Attachment threads are not water-conducting plant roots. Not an exhaustive account of associated microorganisms.
The file remains. Can we still open it?
Library of Congress · Sustainability Factors ↗
Factors affecting long-term format usability: documentation, adoption, transparency, metadata and dependencies. No promise that a particular format will survive indefinitely.
Library of Congress · Introduction to Digital Formats ↗
Explains the technical format descriptions and their role in preservation planning. Both sources come from the same institution and are not independent studies.
How do we recognise change?
NASA Earth Observatory · 25 Years of Growth in Las Vegas ↗
Published 1 March 2009. Landsat 5 images dated 22 October 1984 and 12 January 2009; original ground resolution approximately 30 metres. Season and shadows can explain colour differences. NASA: Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, Landsat 5 data from USGS.
U.S. Forest Service · Lichen Biology ↗
Example of an observational limit: wet lichens may reveal different colours beneath a more transparent outer layer. Colour alone does not establish a newly formed organism.
Sources were checked from 23 to 25 October 2026; details are given with the articles. The rust resource requires registration for part of its content. Our independently written introductions do not replace specialist publications.
Artistic AI illustrations
Artistic AI illustration created by Aik, idea by Mario. This applies to the 17 topic illustrations: the coast, dead wood, rust and the 14 additional topics. These images were created for evolution.surf. They are not photographs documenting real places, measurements or experiments.
The Mario and Aik illustrations come from Mario’s journal, supplied via planeten.website. They show artistic characters, not documented working scenes.
Mario — original image ↗ · Aik — original image ↗
Documentary images and films
The new stories reuse existing artistic topic motifs. The interactive Las Vegas comparison is separate: dated NASA images by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon using Landsat 5 data from USGS, stored locally. Images are unchanged; the slider only obscures parts.
NASA: original images and explanation ↗ · NASA media usage guidelines ↗
ARTE recommendations use our own descriptions and external links. No posters or video players are loaded. English descriptions explicitly link to German versions. Listings and availability dates checked on 25 October 2026.
Adapted texts
The Mario & Aik, legal notice and privacy pages are based on the planeten.website templates specified by Mario, adapted for evolution.surf and translated into English. Unverified settings on the other domain are not presented as properties of evolution.surf.
Mario & Aik ↗ · Legal notice ↗ · Privacy ↗
Comments and corrections
If you notice an unclear statement or an error, please write to legal@marioobst.com.